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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I 



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^UNITED STATES OF AlIERICA. | 



EDUCATION 



FOR THE MILLIONS 



J)ljg0ical, Intellectual, anlr iHoral 



BY S. W. GOLD, M.D. 



"That constitutes a complete and generous education which fits a maa 
to perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimoasly, all the offices, both in 
public and private life " — Milton. 



Keb3 Yotfe 
M. W. DODD, PUBLIC3^,m^,,V^^3mti^ 
Corner of City Hall Square and Spruce street, opposite City 

1850 

7T^ 




V*,N 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by 
M. W. DODD, 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ihe United States for the 
Southern District of New York. 



B. O.JENKINS, Printer, 
114 Nassau St. 



PREFACE. 

The very grave importance of the subject of 
Education is the apology for the present treatise. 
To awaken more interest for the young, on whom, 
peculiarly, rests the destiny of the future, and to 
suggest a rational course in their physical, intel- 
lectual, and moral training, is deemed an object of 
no ordinary importance. The present age is one 
of unprecedentedly rapid improvements. Knowl- 
edge has produced these improvements, and to 
continue them, it must be increased. Strong arms, 
sound heads, and warm hearts, are needed for the 
work. How to obtain them is the question ; a 
right education is the answer. We see in our 
cities a large class of the sons and daughters of 
the wealthy trained up in a manner which unfits 
them, in a great measure, for the duties of life. 
Nothing great or noble can ever be expected from 
mere exquisites. Health, usefulness, and happi= 
ness, are all jeoparded by such a course. The 
evil is not confined to the city ; it is spread widely 



lY PREFACE. 

over the country, and may be found, to some ex- 
tent, among those of humble pecuniary circum- 
stances. We need an intelhgent, virtuous, and 
vigorous class, to carry forward the great work of 
improving and perpetuating the institutions which 
constitute the happiness and glory of the Ameri- 
can Republic. Let parents and guardians exam- 
ine this subject. It demands the serious attention 
of the Philanthropist, Patriot, and Christian ; for 
Education is truly the friend of virtue, the segis 
of civil freedom, and the companion and support 
of pure Christianity. 

Cream Hill, April 10, 1850, 



EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 



EDUCATION. 

A RIGHT education consists in a perfect 
development of all the powers of the indi- 
vidual. There are three distinct divisions or 
parts to this subject — Physical, Intellectual, 
and Moral — each of v^rhich requires a par- 
ticular course of training. 

Whenever either of these is neglected or 
imperfectly accomplished, a defect exists in 
a proportionate degree to that neglect, and 
the individual suffers accordingly from a bad 
education. 

When a high degree of physical develop- 
ment is attained, with little or no cultivation 
of the intellectual or moral faculties, we have 
an example of a strong animal, and an igno- 
rant, vile fellow. 
1# 



6 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

Where the intellect alone is cultivated, we 
see one of the worst specimens of the race ; 
feeble in body, with no moral principle, yet 
with a mind perhaps capable of solving the 
most profound problems of mathematical 
science, or plotting the deepest and darkest 
schemes for the destruction of man. 

While a moral training, with total neglect 
of the other two powers, would give us hon- 
esty of purpose, without ability for execution. 

The threefold character of education nat- 
arally demands a particular examination of 
each division of the subject ; in what each 
consists, and the best methods for their cul- 
tivation, so that a symmetrical result may 
be obtained ; in which all the powers of the 
mind, body, and soul, may be blended in a 
perfect whole. Acquiring a sound head and 
heart to devise and direct, and strength of 
purpose, with full power to execute ; thus 
making the individual capable of accomplish- 
ing the highest degree of good, and of en- 
joying the greatest amount of happiness of 
which he is capable. 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 7 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

In order to a perfect understanding of the 
nature and importance of physical education, 
it will be necessary to allude briefly to the 
anatomical structure of the human system, 
and the physiological principles or laws of 
health which i-elate to the subject. 

Each of these organs has a particular 
office to perform, and when they all act 
together, agreeably to the laws of health, 
a normal condition of the system is the 
result. 

But where a single organ is deranged, or 
acts imperfectly, by a law of sympathetic in- 
fluence, a part or all the other organs are en- 
feebled, or diverted from a healthy condition. 

This may not appear to be a curious fact 
when we consider that affections of the liver 
are almost universally attended with some 
disturbance of the stomach, for the first-named 
organ is an important part of the digestive 
apparatus. 

But it is no less true that, in a large amount 
of cases where the primary affection is seated 
in some remote organ, the stomach also sym- 
pathizes. 



8 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

This is particularly the case in diseases of 
the brain, kidneys, &c. 

If a person receives an injury on any part 
of the body of sufficient importance to pro- 
duce a considerable amount of irritation in 
the part, a sympathetic movement soon 
reaches the brain, and through that organ 
other parts, and a degree of fever is the re- 
sult. 

Thus we find that to preserve the whole 
body sound, each organ must be sound also, 
and that any defective organization of a vi- 
tal part must necessarily be attended with 
debility and derangement far beyond the im- 
mediate functions of the part idiopathically 
affected. 

For a better understanding of these prin- 
ciples, and a full appreciation of the import- 
ant rules of physical education, a cursory 
view of the anatomical structure of the prin- 
cipal organs of the body, together with the 
laws which govern them, will here be pre- 
sented. 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 

Human Anatomy is that science which 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 9 

treats of the various parts which constitute 
the human body. 

Physiology defines the laws which govern 
the various parts, and their uses in the ani- 
mal economy. It is only intended in the 
present treatise to exhibit briefly a general 
view of a small portion of these several 
subjects, that the object of physical education 
may be properly understood by ex-profes- 
sional readers. 

The various parts of the human body 
consist of the bones, muscles, internal viscera, 
such as the heart,'brain, liver, stomach, &c. 
— the blood-vessels, nerves, skin, &c. 

The bones are the foundation of other 
parts, giving protection to important viscera, 
and being levers for motion and points of 
insertion for the muscles. 

They are the most imperishable part of 
the body, being composed of earthy matter, 
agglutinated by a gelatinous substance, and 
under favorable circumstances are capable 
of resisting decomposition for centuries. 

In the young subject the amount of ge- 
latinous matter predominates, while in the 
aged the earthy qualities are more abundant, 
rendering them brittle and easily broken. 



10 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

In a healthy state the bones are nearly 
destitute of sensation, but when diseased are 
often acutely painful. 

Although in the young they possess a 
degree of softness in perfect health, yet in 
delicate, debilitated children, this softness 
often extends so far as to constitute disease. 
In such cases, the bones become bent by the 
weight of the body. 

This flexion is sometimes general, as in 
rickets, or only local, as in curvatures of the 
spine. A want of a due deposit of earthy 
matter is the cause of theise evils. 

Children who are confined too closely, 
who inhale an impure air, or those whose 
digestive organs have been seriously de- 
ranged for a longtime, are particularly sub- 
ject to this difficulty. Where a delicate or- 
ganization exists, it will be particularly 
demanded to adopt such a course of train- 
ing as is best calculated to invigorate the 
system, that this soft state of the bones may 
be avoided. 

As the bones form the foundation for all 
the other parts, it is obvious that any unnat- 
ural flexion or curvature of these will de- 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 11 

stroy the symmetrical beauty of the form, 
as well as derange the condition of those 
organs which are ordinarily protected or 
supported by them — '* a penny's worth of 
prevention is worth a pound of cure " in 
such cases. 

The muscles compose the fleshy parts, 
and it is by the contraction of these that 
motion is performed. They are so arranged 
as to enable the body to perform its various 
movements in a dexterous and wonderful 
manner ; also, so as to give beauty of pro- 
portion to every part. 

Muscular fibre, even after death, has a ten- 
dency to contraction, but it is only while liv- 
ing the muscles are susceptible of the par- 
ticular stimulus designed to call them into 
action. A part of the muscles are subject 
to the will, such as move the limbs, &c.; 
another portion have a mixed character in 
this respect, such as the diaphragm, with the 
other muscles used in respiration ; while the 
remainder, like the heart, act independently 
of the will. 

Thus the muscles, variously conspiring and 



12 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

opposing each other, enable us to perform 
the numerous forms of attitude or motion 
which belong to the living body ; but they 
are also useful in compressing the contigu- 
ous veins, and secreting or excreting vessels, 
and thus promoting a healthy condition of 
the whole system. 

When any muscle remains a long time 
unused, a flaccidity and shrinking takes 
place ; on the contrary, a free, daily use of 
the same will cause a plumpness and firm- 
ness which is particularly observable in the 
arms of the shoemaker and blacksmith. 

It is obvious, from even an imperfect view 
of the muscular system, that exercise is ab- 
solutely demanded by the laws of health, 
not in small quantity and at long intervals, 
but habitually and daily, that the muscles 
themselves may be fully developed, and be- 
come strong, also the circulation of the fluids 
may be properly promoted. 

THE BRAIN. 

The brain, which is the seat of vitality 
and the source of sensation through the me- 
dium of the nerves, is placed in a bony cav- 



THE BRAIN. 13 

ity, where it is peculiarly protected from in- 
jury. Its importance and its delicate struc- 
ture both demand such a position. 

The spinal marrow is an elongation of cer- 
ebral matter, and forms a continuation of 
that organ throughout the whole length of 
the spinal column, the bony rings of which, 
like the arched cranium about the superior 
mass, give to this portion a very secure po- 
sition. 

The brain is not only the seat of all ani- 
mal vitality, but also of the intellectual and 
moral powers. Here, while the body and 
spirit are united, dwells the soul of man. On 
the condition of this organ depends, then, not 
only the health of the individual, but the 
reasoning faculties and the various passions... 

Where the brain is perfectly developed, 
and in a healthy state, we can only expect 
to accomplish much in the way of education. 

This organ is plentifully supplied with 
blood-vessels ; of course a healthy and vigor- 
ous circulation can only be expected by a 
sufficient amount of exercise. 

It is also sympathetically affected often by 
derangements in other parts of the system; 
2 



14 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

consequently, whatever tends to promote the 
general health, will conduce favorably to con- 
tinue a sound state of the brain. It is some- 
times injured from without, but a large share 
of the causes which produce derangement 
are internal. 

Of the latter, the most common which 
may be mentioned are food of improper 
quantity or kind, stimulating drinks, inhaling 
narcotic gases or vapors, — too intense men- 
tal application, but probably more than all 
'Other causes combined, we may consider in- 
juries of this nature to arise from the effects 
•of violent passions. 

The passions, properly disciplined and con- 
trolled, afford a healthful stimulus to the 
brain ; but when they usurp the place of 
reason, whatever their character, the nat- 
ural effect is injurious to the brain. 

Natural cheerfulness, hope, and content- 
ment of mind, conduce to preserve the health, 
and largely promote longevity. The pos- 
session of these benefits cannot exist without 
employment, and must be of short continu- 
ance, unless that employment is of a rational 
and useful kind. 



THE BRAIN. 15 

Mere amusement, if long pursued, fails to 
accomplish this important end. Hypochon- 
dria most frequently takes up its abode in 
the dwellings of such as have no useful oc- 
cupation. 

No inconsiderable portion of childhood 
may be spent in play, but that parent who 
most regards the future welfare of his chil- 
dren, will not fail to form in them habits of 
industry and early attention to useful occu- 
pations. A habit of this kind is worth more 
for the child than a large patrimonial estate 
without its possession. 

When we consider that in the brain dwell 
the intellectual and moral faculties, how im- 
portant is it that the early impressions upon 
those delicate tablets should be pure ; that 
in this virgin soil should be sown the seeds 
of virtue, and that nothing noxious be allowed 
to take root there ! 

From this starting-point may be traced 
the forms which in later life are matured, 
and constitute the character of the individ- 
ual. The first ten years are worth more than 
the twenty which succeed them in forming 
rightly the disposition and habits which 
govern for life. 



16 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

It is at this tender age that intelligent pa- 
rents watch with a guardian angel's care 
over their offspring, diffusing the sweetest 
aroma of their own best affections, which ex- 
hale from parental love and tenderness, 
around the soft buddings of the young flow- 
eret. 

They will remember that " youth is the 
spring-time of life ;" that as they desire their 
children to reap golden harvests, so will they 
thoroughly subdue and mellow the soil, and 
implant therein seed of the choicest kinds — 
plucking away with unsparing labor the nox- 
ious weeds which may spring up there. 

Such parents will not pamper the desires 
of their children with lavish indulgence, they 
will not foster a morbid appetite for mere 
trifles, but point them to the path of useful- 
ness and honorable distinction. 

They will not allow them to become the 
companions of the vicious, or take them on 
pleasure excursions, instead of attending 
with them religious services on the Sabbath. 
The children of such parents will be truly, 
as described by the inspired penman, **Iike 
olive-plants around thy table." '* For truly 
shalt thou eat of the labor of thine hands.'' 



LUNGS AND HEART. 17 

LUNGS AND HEART. 

The chest, formed by the ribs, sternum, 
and superior portion of the spinal column, 
and separated from the abdomen by the dia- 
phragm, contains two important viscera, the 
Heart and Lungs. 

The former is formed of strong muscular 
fibre, and contains four cavities ; connected 
with these cavities are the blood-vessels, 
called arteries and veins. The former are 
for carrying out the blood from the heart, 
and the latter for returning it. 

From one cavity of the heart the arteries 
convey the blood to the lungs, from whence, 
after it has been acted upon by the process 
of respiration, it is returned to another cavity 
by the veins. From a third cavity the 
blood is sent out by another set of arteries 
to every part of the body, and returned to 
the fourth cavity of the same organ, to be 
again sent through the lungs for correction, 
when it is anew distributed, to given utri- 
ment and warmth to every portion of the 
system. 

As the blood has to undergo an important - 
change while passing through the lungs, by 
2* 



18 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

being brought in close proximity with the 
air we breathe, these bodies are very vascu- 
lar, blood-vessels and air-vessels constituting 
principally their volume. 

When the air is inspired, they are much 
enlarged ; when expired, they are diminished 
in bulk. The muscles move the ribs and 
sternum for the purposes of respiration, and 
when these bones are carried upward and 
forward, the cavity being thereby enlarged, 
the inspiration takes place ; and when acting 
n the opposite direction, expiration is pro- 
duced. 

The blood which flows into the lungs 
from the heart is of a dark color, and after 
being subjected to the process of respiration 
it is of a bright florid appearance ; without 
which change it is not fit to circulate through 
the system. 

The air-vessels of the lungs are lined 
with a delicate membrane, which is the me- 
dium of the peculiar chemical change pro- 
duced in the blood by respiration : also from 
its surface exhales continually a fluid which 
is thrown off by the expired air. 

Many persons enclosed in a small space 



LUNGS AND HEART. 19 

injure each other not only by depriving the 
atmosphere of its respirable element, but 
particularly by altering its composition, by 
the combination of all the substances ex- 
haled both from the surface of their bodies 
and the lungs. 

These emanations become putrid in a 
short time, and being inhaled by respiration, 
become the cause often of the most fatal dis- 
eases. The hospital, jail, and ship fever, so 
comnionly fatal, originates from this cause. 

A dry and temperate air, containing 
twenty-seven parts of oxygen and seventy- 
three of nitrogen, is the fittest for respiration. 
There is found, by analysis, a small fraction 
of carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere. 

The pressure of the atmosphere is in pro- 
portion to the surface of the body. The 
surface of a man of ordinary size is estima- 
ted at fifteen or sixteen square feet, and 
bears a weight of air amounting to about 
thirty-six thousand pounds. When this 
pressure of the air is diminished by ascend- 
ing a mountain of very great height, the 
effect is strongly observable : the breathing 
becomes quick and laborious, the pulse is 



20 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

quickened, great weakness occurs, and some- 
times bleeding from some of the superficial 
vessels. 

The ordinary pressure, although so im- 
mense, is easily resisted by the human body, 
because it is equally and constantly applied. 
It is constituted to exist under such a pres- 
sure, for when, by exhausting the air over 
any part of the body, swelling takes place, a 
rush of fluids tends to the part, and the skin 
appears in danger of bursting. 

It is evident from the arrangement of these 
organs, and the important offices which they 
have to perform, that no restraint should be 
allowed to their fre^ action. 

Whatever compresses the sternum and 
ribs too closely about the lower part of the 
chest, or upper portion of the abdomen, 
operates like holding together the handles of 
a bellows when desired for blowing. Much 
has been written condemning close applica- 
tions about the chest, and many intelligent 
families understand well the subject, but 
whether from ignorance or the force of 
fashion — a fashion, too, at variance with good 
taste — many still adopt the injurious practice. 



LUNGS AND HEART. 21 

The effect is to enfeeble the growth of 
the organs therein contained. The vessels 
are diminished in capacity, forming an im- 
perfect and. unhealthy structure ; unfitted to 
the uses for which nature designed them, 
and are thus strongly predisposed to disease. 

In order that the effect which respiration 
is designed to produce on the blood should 
be fully obtained, it is necessary that the in- 
haled air should be pure, or nearly so. 

A small portion of carbonic acid gas ex- 
ists in the atmosphere ; but when this article 
abounds largely, the air is poisonous, and 
even productive of death. As carbonic 
acid gas is thrown off from the lungs by 
respiration, it accumulates in a short time in 
rooms which are illy ventilated and crowded 
by many persons. 

The air soon becomes unsuited to healthy 
respiration, causing, as its immediate re- 
sult, faintness and headache ; but often lay- 
ing the foundation for subsequent diseases, as 
heretofore noticed. 

The habit of stooping or sitting in a bent 
posture is obviously detrimental to the free 
action of the heart and lungs, and instances 



22 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

of inflammatory affections of the chest, and 
consumptions, are vastly more frequent in 
such cases than in those who are usually 
erect, and who possess a full and round chest. 

The direct effect of exercise exhibits itself 
upon the heart and lungs. By it the heart 
beats more rapidly and forcibly ; the blood 
is sent coursing through the lungs with 
more celerity. The whole circulation, by 
the same cause, is quickened, and heat 
evolved. 

Thus every organ acts with more vigor, 
and under an habitual course of daily exer- 
cise in a healthful atmosphere, is formed am- 
ple, firm, and perfect, with vessels capable 
of resisting disease to a large extent. A 
full, round, ample chest, giving room for the 
easy play of the vital machinery placed 
within, is thus obtained. 

Looking at this brief exhibition of the 
physical structure of those vital organs, 
what parent can be willing to allow his 
child to grow up in an easy and luxurious 
condition, and thus fasten upon his darling 
son or daughter a defective organization, 
and rottenness of constitution, thus bringing 



NUTRITION. 23 

him or her within the grasp of consumption, 
and a premature death, by niere indulgence 
and a mistaken zeal for delicacy ? 

NUTRITION. 

The organs of nutrition embrace those of 
mastication, digestion, and assimilation. On 
these depend the support of the body. 

There are two currents passing through 

e ystem ; one is the result of the various 
secretions which are constantly carrying 
off matter from every part of the animal 
machine : to counteract this loss, which, if 
not soon supplied by nutrition, would pro- 
duce emaciation and exhaustion, this supply 
is obtained through the digestive organs by 
the secreting vessels, the latter being con- 
nected directly with the blood-vessels, or in- 
directly through the medium of various 
glandular structures. 

In order to maintain a healthy condition, 
an even balance between these opposite cur- 
rents is required to maintain this balance ; 
nutritive food, at regular intervals and in 
due quantity, is required on the one hand, 
while on the other a regular and daily use of 



24 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

the body is required to consume and move 
off what otherwise would become, by too 
long retention, a source of disease. 

With the digestive organs there is a close 
sympathy between every part of the body, 
consequently violations of the rules of diet 
or exercise are attended with disturbance. 

A person who labors severely six days in 
the week, requires a more substantial diet 
than one who takes but little exercise. 

The stomachs of Captain Ross's men, 
while exposed to cold and hardships as they 
prosecuted their long journey over the im- 
mense fields of polar ice, could digest the 
hard and dry leather cut from their dress, 
while a sedentary seamstress would be satis- 
fied with a dinner of dried biscuit. 

Too full a supper disturbs the night's re^ 
pose, by irritating the gastric nerves, and 
involving by sympathy the brain, and thus 
interrupting sound sleep. Notwithstanding 
this fact, drowsiness commonly succeeds to 
a hearty meal. 

In the case of a person laboring under 
general debility, or merely debility of the 
digestive organs, after eating, for a time all 



THE SKIN. 25 

the powers of the system seem required to 
aid this process, and a season of rest is 
proper ; but those in good health and strength, 
habituated to regular exercise, do not need 
this precaution, for in them the powers of 
nature will be found sufficiently strong to 
carry forward muscular effort with the pro- 
cess of digestion. 

THE SKIN. 

The covering of the body called the skin 
is formed of three distinct layers or coats. 
The innermost one, called the Dermis, or 
true skin, is much the thickest portions, and 
on the external surface of which the nerves 
are everywhere spread out, constituting the 
sense of touch. 

The middle coat is called the Reta Mu- 
chosa, the principal use of which is to give 
complexion to the individual. It is nearly 
colorless in Europeans, and of a dark color 
among the natives of southern climates. 

This coat, being of a gelatinous nature, is 
destined to keep the nervous surface be- 
neath in a state of moisture favorable to the 
touch. 

3 



26 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

To complete the arrangement of the skin, 
a third covering, called the Cuticle or Epi- 
dermis, is formed over this moist and sensi- 
tive surface. The hair and nails are com- 
posed of the same materials. The cuticle is 
the thin and delicate membrane which is 
raised by blistering, and is composed of ex- 
tremely thin scales, and between these mi- 
nute scales are countless small openings, 
which emit freely the perspirable matter, 
while by this ingenious covering the nerves 
are duly protected. 

The skin possesses not only countless ex- 
cretory vessels, but also absorbent ones. 
An oily matter also flows slowly through 
the skin, from the adipose substance be- 
neath. This oil is what soils the linen. It 
is more abundant in some constitutions than 
others, particularly in those of a bilious 
temperament. It serves to prevent too rapid 
a desiccation of the skin, and defends the 
surface from the effects of friction, to which 
it is particularly exposed. 

An excessive quantity of this excretion is 
injurious, by obstructing the process of per- 
spiration. In a healthy state of the system, 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 27 

a large amount of perspirable matter is 
passed off daily through the pores of the 
skin. 

The necessity of keeping the surface free 
from the too great accumulation of such 
must be very obvious. 

Hence frequent change of the clothing 
worn next the skin, as well as ablutions, are 
essential to comfort and health. 

Thus having examined, though briefly, 
the structure of the human system, and the 
laws which control the various functions, a 
way is prepared to attend to the first divis- 
ion of our subject, viz. : — 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

Suppose two children of one sex to be 
born of the same parents, and both possess- 
ing apparently, at birth, similar constitutions. 
We will consider them both at birth to be 
sound in every organ, and that they are the 
offspring of a healthy parentage^ 

At the end of a month after birth, each is 
to be placed where an opposite course of 
physical training should be adopted and fol- 
lowed, to the full maturity of the individuaL 



28 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

To try this interesting experiment, where 
shall we place thena ? 

It is not necessary, to test it fully, that one 
be left in the care of a family of limited 
means, and the other be cast into the arms 
of wealth, although we should expect a bet- 
ter physical training with the former than 
the latter ; but in many cases a superior in- 
telligence may give to the last-named an im- 
portant advantage over the other. 

We will suppose each taken to a place of 
comfort, and where all their natural wants 
will be supplied. Having learned their loca- 
tion, and seen that they are sufficiently pro- 
vided for, let us examine the particular 
course of physical education pursued with 
each individual. 

The first of these children, whom we will 
call George, was given to a family in easy 
circumstances, who, having no children of 
their own, were desirous of adopting some 
common object on which their affections 
could centre, and one which they fondly 
hoped would afford them pleasure to lean 
upon in their old age. 

George was committed at once to the un- 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 29 

remitting attention of a careful nurse. The 
warmest room in the house v/as selected as 
a nursery, the air of which, at least during 
the cool part of the year, was kept at a high 
temperature. 

The child was dressed in ample clothing, 
and wrapped in extra coverings of blankets, 
lest he should get cold. " 

The residence of the child was in a city, 
and in addition to the impure air of a close 
room, was superadded the impure atmo- 
sphere out of doors, which was being re- 
spired by tens of thousands, and fully impreg- 
nated with the various noxious gases com- 
mon to such localities. 

During the winter seasons, George suffered 
much from frequent attacks of catarrhal dis- 
ease, and occasionally from inflammatory 
affections of the lungs. He also, in conse- 
quence of the close confinement to which he 
was subjected, was affected with a softening 
of the bones, attended with some curvature 
of the same. The summers rarely passed 
without some attack of bowel complaints, to 
avoid which a very scrupulous regard was 
had to his diet, so that he was rarely quite well. 
3* 



30 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

At the age of ten he was nearly the height 
of Other boys of his age. He possessed but 
little physical strength, with a pale counte- 
nance, soft and flabby muscle, irregular 
pulse, an unsteady and feeble gait, and a 
highly irritable temper. 

At this age it was determined to send him 
to school. But instead of selecting some 
healthy place in the country, where he might 
have enjoyed the benefits of pure air and 
change of scenery, and where, too, nature 
would have taught him to acquire a more 
free use of his limbs, he was sent to a school 
in the city. 

Frequent turns of illness interrupted the 
course of his studies ; and although his mind 
appeared for a time to possess vigor, it soon 
proved to be nothing but a precocious de- 
velopment of the intellect, the result of bad 
physical education. 

Under such a state of things did George 
reach the period of manhood, enervated in 
body and mind. Though possessed naturally 
of a warm and kind heart, yet a morbid irri- 
tability spoiled his temper, and unfitted him 
either for social pleasures or the toilsome 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 31 

business of life. He possessed neither the 
spirit of enterprise nor energy of purpose 
requisite to engage successfully in active 
business. 

He found too many obstacles which ap- 
peared insurmountable to venture far in any 
pursuit. He had never learned to take care 
of himself, to unite his hands and head in 
action ; and now his broken constitution and 
badly-formed habits showed him that it was 
difficult, if not impossible, for him to obtain 
success. 

Without tracing this picture further, let us 
examine the course of physical training pur- 
sued with his brother, and notice the result. 

Samuel was placed in the family of a 
farmer. His residence was on one of the 
New England hills. The pure atmosphere 
around him, the plain though nutritive food 
of which he partook at regular intervals 
and the athletic sports and employments 
which occupied his early years, gave him 
strength of body and energy of mind. 

At the age of six years he was sent to the 
district school, situated about one mile from 
his residence. When nine years old he used 



32 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

to drive the cows to and from the pasture 
morning and evening, assist in milking them,, 
drive the oxen for ploughing, or ride the 
horse for the same purpose, and go with the 
grist to the mill occasionally, also help to 
stir the hay and rake it, use the hoe in the 
garden, and the axe at the wood-pile, take 
care of the fowls, hunt up the eggs, with 
many more similar little occupations. 

These pursuits did not fill up the whole 
day, but allowed the usual time for attending 
school, except for a short period of the most 
hurried season of the year. 

A few years more his arm had gained the 
manly strength required to yoke the oxen, 
load the hay and the heavy logs of wood, 
swing the scythe, and, in short, to engage 
successfully in all the various exercises of 
farm work. 

At twenty, who could have believed him 
to have been the brother of the feeble 
George? His fine, erect, manly form, ex- 
hibited the full, round muscle, the ample, 
broad chest, in which a well-formed heart 
and lungs played healthfully, without being 
hurried in their movement by ordinary ex- 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 33 

ercise, with a strong nervous system not 
easily excited, but giving steadiness and 
firmness to action. 

The intellectual organs had no dullness^ 
for dyspepsia did not exist to give the head 
pain, and the mind v^^as strong and vigorous 
Samuel had reached the full period of man- 
hood v^ith a perfect physical development, 
and was prepared to continue the business 
of farmer with success, or adopt a course of 
study to fit him for a learned profession. 
He chose the latter, passed rapidly through 
the required preparation, and entered the 
arena of active life. 

At the bar he was found the sound and 
able lawyer, and in the Senate the good and 
efficient legislator. 

He not only had learned practically the 
right use of his hands and head, but the true 
value of property, the feelings and interests 
of the laboring classes ; and whenever, pro- 
fessionally, he met with one on even ground, 
differently trained, he was sure of victor3^ 

These two cases may be supposed by 
some mere beings of the imagination. But 
scores of instances may be found in our 



34 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

country in strict resemblance to these, ex- 
cept the merely fancied fraternity. 

The former may be instanced in the femi- 
nine young men of our cities and large 
villages, who, governed by a love of morbid 
excitement, fall early victims to self-indul- 
gence, or live on, the weak-minded and inef- 
ficient members of the community ; some 
reach the learned professions, but usually suc- 
ceed but poorly, or utterly fail, if not from 
imbecility of mind, from weakness of body. 

Of the latter, you may find them the 
brightest in the most honored circles of our 
country, either as the high-minded, intelligent 
farmer, mechanic, or tradesman, or among 
the highest ranks of the learned professions. 

Physical education consists in whatever is 
calculated most perfectly to develop the 
various powers of the system, giving growth 
and strength to every organ. 

There are various things necessary to 
such a result — among these, the most import- 
ant are, pure air, light, free exercise, (plain) 
nutritive food, sleep in sufiicient quantity, 
bathing, suitable clothing, a cheerful temper, 
and good habits in everything. 



PURE AIR. 35 

It is deemed important to examine these 
several causes separately. 

PURE AIR. 

It is not sufficient that the out-door air 
should be pure, free from noxious effluvia 
and destructive gases, to contribute most 
highly to the growth and health of an indi- 
vidual. It is also requisite to the same end 
that particular attention be paid to ventila- 
tion and temperature w^ithin doors. Crovv^d- 
ed rooms, with imperfect ventilation, is so 
decidedly injurious as to be quite perceptible 
in its effects on the health even of adults, 
and must be particularly so on the young, 
whose systems are more irritable and less 
able to resist deleterious influences of any 
kind. 

The present practice, adopted so general- 
ly in our cities, of warming the whole house 
with hot-air furnaces, requires careful man- 
agement to prevent enervating effects upon 
the younger members of the family. The 
air in the sleeping apartments particularly 
is apt to be kept at too high a temperature. 

Probably the child who passes the nights 



36 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

during the cold season in a temperature 
greater than 50° to 55° Fahrenheit, will be 
less healthy and vigorous than one kept in 
cooler air. JSudden change of temperature 
exposes an individual to take cold, but one 
who is in the constant habit of taking a cool 
air bath is less subject to ailments from that 
cause than those kept a greater portion of the 
time in a heated atmosphere, and only occa- 
sionally going into the open air. 

Indeed, I have known many children dis- 
tinguished for healthy and robust constitu- 
tions, who were born and reared in open 
houses, on bleak situations, thinly clad, often 
playing with bare feet on the snow and ice. 

The physical formation of such individu- 
als w^as decidedly superior to those carefully 
sheltered and tenderly cared for. Not that 
so rigid and extreme a course of physical 
education is recommended as the best that 
can be adopted, by any means — a rational 
medium would be preferable. 

But the child should be warmly clothed, 
and habituated to out-door exposure almost 
daily through the whole year. 

Nurseries and school-rooms should be 



LIGHT. 87 

well ventilated, and particular care be exer- 
cised to avoid allowing at any time too high 
a temperature in-doors during the winter 
season. A temperature of 60° is perhaps 
that most conducive to the health of the 
young. 

LIGHT. 

. This agent is not less important to perfect 
animal than vegetable healthfulness. 

The shaded plant may attain the full 
height of its kind, but it neither bears the 
fruit nor arrives at the full strength and 
firmness of those of the same species which 
grow in the open air. 

Its pale color, and loose, delicate texture, 
are proofs of its position ; and if at once re- 
moved to an unsheltered location, it is with- 
ered by too strong a sun-light, and broken 
by the winds, which serve to strengthen and 
beautify its kindred plants, which are con- 
stantly exposed. 

The child, by similar laws, is affected in 
like manner when too closely shielded from 
the light and breath of heaven. 

Surely, it is a false maternal tenderness 
4 



38 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

which dreads to witness the brown, healthful 
hue upon the brow and cheek of the darling 
child. 

EXERCISE. 

Man was made for action. Could he be 
so situated during the various periods of his 
existence on earth as to be entirely free from 
want of every kind, to have food and cloth- 
ing placed upon him without the necessity of 
even lifting his hand — could he repose upon a 
bed of down, and indulge perpetually in in- 
dolence and ease, he Avould need to possess 
a different organization than that with which 
the Creator has endowed him, in order that 
he might enjoy health or happiness. 

A necessity of twofold character impels 
him to action. The arrangement of his ex- 
istence is such that, to supply his numerous 
wants, he must put in motion his various fac- 
ulties of mind and body. 

There may be fatigue and often pain in 
the employment of these faculties, but he 
must not permit them to remain long inac- 
tive, and he cannot^ without exposing himself 
to debility, disease, and death. 



EXERCISE. 39 

Free, habitual exercise, then, should be 
particularly regarded, as essential to the 
well-being of all. It should be estimated as 
no less an element of healthfulness and en- 
joyment than the air we breathe, or the food 
by which we are nourished. 

The effect of indolence or continued re- 
pose of the physical organs is to induce de- 
bility of the whole system. Unused muscles 
shrink ; they become soft, and unable to sus- 
tain great exertion. The blood ceases to cir- 
culate freely, and the bile becomes stagnant 
in the vessels of the liver, the stomach is dis- 
ordered, costiveness, indigestion, disturb the 
brain, dullness and restlessness succeed. 

The step is no longer firm and elastic, nor 
does the cheek glow with the lively hue of 
health. The opposite of these results are 
witnessed in those who pursue a free, daily 
exercise. The fluids circulate freely through 
every vessel in the system. 

Every part is supplied with its share of 
nutriment, and feels a natural stimulant mov- 
ing it on to healthy action. These princi- 
ples are true in regard to man, in almost 
every situation ; but it is in considering the 



40 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS, 

condition of the young that they assume their 
greatest importance. 

While the body is growing is the most im- 
portant period to form an entire set of large, 
strong, and healthy organs. 

Free exercise daily, in the open air, is 
most favorable to such a result. This will 
expand the chest, the lungs, and heart; it 
will give the brain and every part a right 
proportion, while within such a constructed 
organization will dvi^ell, provided the intel- 
lectual and moral faculties have been duly 
cultivated, a vigorous intellect, a firmness of 
purpose, a spirit of enterprise, and a power 
of execution nowhere else to be found. 

Strength will give grace to every motion, 
while the sparkling eye and glowing cheek 
will tell of health and happiness. The 
kind of employment most suited to the con- 
dition of the young will be more particular- 
ly described while considering the moral 
part of education. 

FOOD. 

The physiological principle which shows 
us the fact that a constant waste or decay 



FOOD. 41 

is taking place in every part of the system, 
points out the necessity of supplying that 
loss, or a total failure and emaciation will 
result. 

The young also require a supply of nutri- 
ment, not only sufficient to replace the quan- 
tity thus removed by the various secretions 
and excretions, but also a due proportion to 
enable the growing parts to enlarge and be 
built up with full capacity and strength. 

To answer these demands, children and 
young persons require a nutritive diet. The 
food should consist of such materials as 
afford the requisite amount of nutritious mat- 
ter, without those qualities which strongly 
excite or produce stimulation. 

The young possess sensitive nerves, which 
sensibility should not be exhausted by too 
free a use of strong excitants, which effect 
would naturally be produced were they 
freely and habitually applied. A bland as 
well as nutritive diet, then, should be pre- 
ferred. This should be taken in sufficient 
quantity, and at regular periods. 

There is probably no one article of food 

more particularly adapted to the condition of 
4^ 



42 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

the young, in a state of health, than milk. In 
the case of a child naturally delicate, a pro- 
portion of meat would often promote a 
stronger vital action, and therefore be highly 
beneficial. But generally, bread and milk, 
bread and butter, with very little meat, 
would be preferable. 

Potatoes, as an article of food, are unex- 
ceptionable for children of two years or 
more of age, who are in good health ; but for 
those whose digestive organs are impaired 
or deranged, they prove highly deleterious j 
sometimes not digesting at all, affording little 
or no nutriment, and irritating the first pas- 
sages, causing obstinate diarrhoea and ema- 
ciation. 

Fresh eggs, and ripe, newly-plucked fruit, 
in proper quantity, constitute healthful arti- 
cles of diet. 

The various narcotics, such as tea and 
coffee, should not be given to the young. 
They are too exciting to the sensitive nerves, 
and tend to produce a love of strong stimu- 
lants. ■ For similar reasons, pepper and other 
pungent condiments are injurious, and should 
be very sparingly used in the diet of children. 



SLEEP. 43 

SLEEP. 

Sleep is a suspension of the sensations and 
voluntary motion. Dreaming is the result 
of partial sleep, and cannot take place in a 
profound and entire state of repose. Som- 
nambulism is that condition in which the in- 
dividual is still farther removed from perfect 
sleep than v^hen in ordinary dreaming, and 
in w^hich a considerable degree of the power 
of voluntary action exists, but without entire 
wakefulness. Sleep is as essential to the 
enjoyment of health and the continuance of 
life as food. 

Action and rest is a law of the animal and 
vegetable existence. The restoration of the 
principle of vitality demands it. The action 
of the heart strikingly illustrates this fact. 
Its contractions and relaxations succeed each 
other with great regularity ; the excitabil- 
ity is restored by the rest attending the 
latter, and thus continuous alternations are 
produced. 

Muscular movement of the whole, or any 
part of the body, cannot very long be con- 
tinued without producing fatigue. The prin- 
ciple of vitality or excitability which these 



44 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

parts possess, and which is contained in the 
nerves of each, is derived wholly from the 
brain and its appendages. 

The mind also has its seat in the brain. 
When awake, a large portion of this import- 
ant organ is in action. The thoughts, pas- 
sions, and various muscular movements, all 
serve to use a portion of the cerebral exci- 
tability, and it requires seasons of rest to 
restore it, or exhaustion of vitality would ul- 
timately result. 

Long watchings, frequently repeated, pro- 
duce debility of the vital powers, and tend 
to the destruction of life. Sleep is an essen- 
tial nutriment of the brain, the restorer of its 
wasted excitability. 

It is an opinion expressed by many emi- 
nent physicians, that a too diminished quan- 
tity of sleep tends directly to shorten life ; 
and it cannot have escaped the notice of the 
common observer, that any abstraction from 
the usual quantity produces a degree of dis- 
comfort, thus admonishing the individual that 
violence has been done to the system. To 
neglect such admonitions for any considera- 
ble time, is to induce decay of the vital 



SLEEP. 45 

powers, and ultimately premature death. 
" Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a 
man healthy, wealthy, and wise.'' Early 
rising, so important as a means of health and 
usefulness, becomes a positive evil, except 
when used in connection with an early re- 
tiring to rest. Eight hours of each twenty- 
four is considered usually as the medium 
time required for sleep. Some constitutions 
require more and some less than this amount. 
Children require a much greater amount of 
sleep than adults — ordinarily, 'from one to 
three hours longer period than persons in 
middle life. 

The night season is peculiarly fitted for 
the enjoyment of sound repose. The silence 
and darkness attending it withdraws a large 
share of the stimulants from the brain, which 
necessarily act upon it during the day, and 
display the wisdom and goodness of the 
Creator in adapting the favorable circum- 
stances of our existence. 

In order, then, to attain the best physical 
development, and give that vigorous tone to 
the brain which is requisite to sustain the 



46 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

waste of its excitability from mental or 
bodily action, a full amount of sleep should 
be allowed to the young. 

That this important object may be best 
secured, they should retire at an early hour 
to rest, and then, with the return of light, 
they may go forth to mingle in the pursuits 
of the day, stored with the principle of 
strength, and buoyant with the pleasurable 
sensations of perfect health. 

Early retiring, and early rising, should be 
fully impressed by uninterrupted habit upon 
the character of the young. I am well 
aware of the difficulties which exist in the 
city in perfectly adopting this principle in 
the case of young persons. 

But did every parent view the subject in 
its fullest importance, it would awaken an 
interest for the lovedones which would even 
prove too strong for the herculean power of 
fashion and custom ; it would correct many 
of the evils at present attending a city resi- 
dence ; fortify numerous delicate constitu- 
tions with sufficient strength to resist the 
encroachments of disease, who otherwise 



CLOTHING. 47 

would sink under it, and restore them from 
a state of languor and feebleness to a state 
of usefulness and increased enjoyment. 

Early retiring to rest, as well as early 
rising, should become an established habit 
with every individual, and that it may be so, 
it should be adopted while in youth. 

CLOTHING. 

In a climate so variable as that of the 
United States, the right adaptation of cloth- 
ing requires a very judicious and careful at- 
tention. No specific rules can be laid down 
to govern the quantity for the different sea- 
sons of the year, but some considerations 
may, perhaps, be advanced which will serve 
to guide the judgment with tolerable accu- 
racy on this point. 

The physical strength of the individual 
needs always to be carefully regarded in 
the application of clothing, particularly dur- 
ing the winter season. The feeble child re- 
quires a warmer covering than one who is 
strong and vigorous. 

The amount in any case, at any tempera- 
ture, should be such as to prevent chilliness, 



48 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

or allow but a small degree of sensation of 
cold. The employment should be consider- 
ed in determining the amount of clothing ; as 
one of confinement or sedentary character 
requires more than one of free and athletic 
exercise. 

Habit, also, has much influence, in the case 
of every individual, in respect to what would 
be proper in dress. A part of the body or 
limbs accustomed to a thin covering or an 
entire exposure to the air acquires a power 
of resistance to the effects of cold, so as not 
to endanger the health ; but when a part or- 
dinarily well protected is thus exposed, an 
injury is produced. 

This is the same law of Physiology which 
renders a person accustomed to a high tem- 
perature in-doors during the cold season 
very subject to injury when exposed to the 
out-door air. Females often expose their 
health by violating this principle while fol- 
lowing too intently the ever-changing forms 
of fashionable attire. 

Warm feet and a cool head is found among 
the sage maxims of olden times, and although 
it has been stereotyped in every language 



BATHING. 49 

of the civilized world, yet it is too little re- 
garded. The feet should be kept dry in cold 
weather, and warm also, where any degree 
of feebleness exists. 

The chest and abdomen also should be 
well protected in such cases, so as to allow 
daily exercise in the open air during the cold 
(as well as the warm season), without occa- 
sioning chilliness by such exposure. The 
"materials best adapted for clothing next the 
skin are such as are the least conductors of 
heat. For this purpose, fabrics of cotton and 
woolen are preferable to any other in use. 
The inflammable nature of cotton renders it 
objectionable for outside garments, for chil- 
dren particularly, for which purpose woolen 
or silk is well adapted. 

BATHING. 

If a child is judiciously treated during the 
first year of its existence, it may be washed 
over the entire body in cold water at any 
season of the year with no injury and much 
benefit. 

Frequent bathing is not only required to 
free the skin from perspirable matter which 
5 



50 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS, 

is constantly pouring upon it, and thus pro- 
moting cleanliness, but when applied cold it 
gives a vigorous action to the capillaries, 
giving them power to resist the injurious 
effects of any subsequent exposure to damp 
or cold air. 

It also acts upon the brain, by causing a 
reactionary effect, which occasions the glow 
of warmth which soon succeeds its applica- 
tion. 

Bathing is justly considered among the 
most invigorating agents where there is not 
too little power to create a reaction. In the 
latter case, a more brief and partial applica- 
tion of water, higher in temperature, so as 
not to produce an unpleasant shock to the 
system ; from which point it may be gradu- 
ated until it can be used freely and cold to 
advantage. 

Cheerfulness and good habits in every- 
thing are important agents in producing a 
perfect physical development. 

The subiect is merely named in this place 
that we may not overlook its importance in 
controlling the laws of health ; but being 
also intimately connected with the moral 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 51 

part of education, will be duly considered in 
that place. 

The importance of a healthy body in giv- 
ing a right tone to the nervous system, and 
thus largely influencing the temper, also its 
tendency in the acquirement of good habits, 
and general influence on the character of 
the individual, will demand a special notice 
while presenting the subject of Moral Edu- 
cation 

INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 

Whatever serves to develop or improve 
the intellectual powers of an individual be- 
longs to Intellectual Education. 

The operation may be partial or general, 
but the latter is needed to promote a right 
education. The memory must not only be 
stored with facts, but the judgment should 
be disciplined and strengthened, while the 
imagination is refined, chastened, and in- 
vigorated. 

It is difficult, or perhaps impossible, to 
improve in any considerable degree either 
of these mental faculties without producing 
some influence upon the others ; but a very 



52 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

disproportionate amount of culture may be 
bestowed upon either, and the result would 
constitute a bad education. In order to ob- 
tain the highest point of improvement of 
which any particular case is capable, all the 
intellectual powers must be proportionately 
cultivated. 

There is an almost infinite variety in the 
relative proportion of these faculties, as ex- 
isting naturally among different individuals. 
Some, with little mental culture, are distin- 
guished for good sense or judgment, but with 
a moderate memory and feeble imagination ; 
others, equally uncultivated, possess a very 
retentive memory, with a weak understand- 
ing. 

It is the aim of education not only to im- 
prove each of these powers, but to make 
them harmonize. This must be accomplish- 
ed not by nurturing principally the faculty 
best developed by the physical organization, 
nor by repressing the natural growth of 
either, but by bringing the others up to a 
level with the highest, and thus completing 
a harmony of the whole. 

A well-balanced mind is a rare boon from 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 53 

the hand of the Creator to any who have 
not enjoyed the benefits of education in some 
form. The uncultivated mind may display 
cunning ; but its powers resemble more the 
instincts of the inferior animals than the 
noble qualities which are attained by the in- 
vigorating and polishing processes of a fin- 
ished education. 

It is the object of the present inquiry to 
examine the causes which may most judi- 
ciously be adopted to obtain the desired end, 
in order to secure which in the highest de- 
gree it is necessary to furnish a healthy 
brain, which mainly depends on a proper 
physical training. The child should not be 
put to tasks of learning too early. This is a 
point where parents frequently err. Every 
one who is not well informed on this subject 
is pleased to witness the early mental devel- 
opments of his child. 

The fact is, that almost every instance of 
strikingly early exhibitions of intellect is the 
result of cerebral disease in the individual, 
which, if not followed by premature death, 
is too often found at last to result in a failure 
of mental growth in subsequent years. 

Wherever this precocity appears, let it 



54 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

be viewed as the effect of a delicate organ- 
ization of the brain, and the subject be treat- 
ed accordingly. 

In such a case, physical education should 
be scrupulously regarded, and every means 
adopted to lay the foundation for sound 
health, while the mental powers should re- 
main to a later period untasked, except so 
far as may be inseparable from the bodily 
employments. 

During the whole course of education, 
such an individual should be careful to ob- 
serve all the rules laid down for a good 
physical training. 

A child of ordinary constitution may com- 
mence an easy course of mental training at 
five years old ; this is the earliest period at 
which any ought to be confined to the school- 
room. 

A proportionately later period should be 
chosen for sending to school where constitu- 
tional debility exists. 

This doctrine may surprise many parents, 
for it is contrary to common usage, as most 
children are sent to school or taught to read 
before attaining the fifth year. 

But in this position I am not only sustained 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 55 

by the opinions of several sensible writers, 
but it is based upon a long and extended 
course of experience and observation upon 
this subject. 

From such evidence, I am decidedly of the 
opinion that six is a better age at vi^hich to 
commence the tasks of the school-room than 
four. Perhaps the medium may be prefer- 
able to either. 

The brain having acquired a good degree 
of strength, and all the animal powers being 
vigorous, the mental training should begin. 
By the term mental training is not meant 
moral culture (for the latter cannot be com- 
menced too early), but simply the knowledge 
derived from letters. 

The task, at first, should be rendered light 
and agreeable ; but a habit of superficial ac- 
quirement ought to be avoided from the be- 
ginning, for thoroughness should form a part 
of every lesson through the whole course of 
education. 

Great pains should be taken to secure the 
undivided attention of the young learner, 
that right habits may be formed early in this 
respect. 



56 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

During the first years of attending school, 
the child should be confined but a short pe- 
riod at a time, and but a very small portion 
of each day to the school-room, restricted 'to 
the confinement required in that position. 

Very frequent exercise in the open air 
should be allowed ; this will not only serve 
to fortify the brain, and allow the intellectu- 
al organs to become more perfectly devel- 
oped, but also give a healthier tone to the 
nervous system, spreading a joyousness over 
the whole spirit of the young student, thus 
casting a brilliant halo round the early 
school-days, and Mending in happy associ- 
ations the task imposed from books with the 
brightest enjoyments. 

After a child has acquired a thorough 
knowledge of the elementary studies, the 
particular course further to be pursued 
should depend upon the design of the parent 
respecting the amount and kind of learning 
to be obtained. Is a liberal and finished ed- 
ucation intended ? the ancient languages 
should early be introduced. 

A thorough knowledge of these lays the 
foundation for a more perfect understanding 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 57 

of the English. There are some who do not 
understand the reasons why a good educa- 
tion demands the study of the dead langua- 
ges ; but in addition to the reason above 
suggested, there is another of equal, if not 
superior importance. 

This consists in the fact that the pupil 
who is required to adopt this course, acquires 
a mental power for discrimination, and a 
habit of industrious investigation, from the 
necessity of following a word to its root, and 
the incessant labor of examining the Lexicon. 

By such a course his powers of discrimi- 
nation and habits of industry are not only 
cultivated, but the taste is refined, the imag- 
ination strengthened by familiarizing the 
mind with the beautiful, poetic imagery, and 
the chaste, perspicuous, and manly style 
which adorn the ancient classics. It is rare 
to find an example in either sex of a good 
writer, who has not acquired a knowledge 
of the Greek and Latin languages. 

Where this acquirement is wanting, almost 
universally is found to exist a diffuse and 
verbose style, tedious and disagreeable to a 
refined and well-cultivated mind. 



58 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

In determining to what extent the parent 
is willing to afford opportunity for acquiring 
an extended education, either for son or 
daughter, I would urge upon him every con- 
sideration possible to adopt the most liberal 
course consistent with his means to accom- 
plish. 

Property is of little consequence com- 
pared with knowledge. Has a parent one 
thousand dollars only, which he designs as a 
portion for his child, how can he best apply 
it ? Shall he limit his education, that he may 
bestow it in money or land ? or if even the 
whole of it were expended judiciously to 
enrich the mind, would he not confer a much 
greater good ? Tere can be no doubt but 
the latter would be the wisest course. 

The learning thus acquired would soon 
recover the cost of it, and in the course of 
life, in a country like ours, would prove a 
rich investment, yielding a large interest. 

Knowledge not only confers benefits on 
the individual possessor, but extends the 
power immensely of doing good to others. 
I am aware that well-cultivated minds will 
need no arguments to convince them of the 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 59 

justness of these views ; but to those who 
have not enjoyed the full advantages of edu- 
cation, and who, in consequence, do not ap- 
preciate its importance, I would, did I pos- 
sess the power, speak in " thoughts that 
breathe and words that burn," that they 
might be persuaded to confer on their off- 
spring this inestimable boon. 

What has learning done for the people of 
New England ? Her ungenial soil of diffi- 
cult tillage has proved no obstacle insur- 
mountable to the attainment of wealth and 
refinement. 

Her schools and colleges have shed their 
benign influence not only upon her own 
children, but on thousands of others through- 
out the Union. The erection of the church 
and school-house, wherever a settlement was 
formed, have conferred upon the descendants 
of the Puritans their richest blessings. 

A people thus enlightened could not be en- 
slaved. Civil freedom can only dwell among 
a people who understand their rights and 
how to preserve them. The institutions of 
the United States are based upon this prin- 
ciple. A love of freedom and true patriot- 



60 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

ism demand of every citizen of this great 
republic the promotion of education to the 
fullest extent in his power. Can a parent do 
this while he permits his own offspring to 
grow up in ignorance ? What was consid- 
ered a good education forty years ago, would 
be comparative ignorance now. 

The improvements of the present age de- 
m.and proportionately a higher standard of 
knowledge. To secure this, an improved 
method of instruction is to be adopted. Bet- 
ter school-houses and teachers of higher 
acquirements should be obtained, and a 
wider range of studies adopted. 

That State which shall pursue the wisest 
and most liberal course of legislation on the 
subject of education for a century to come, 
will hold the greatest sway in the Union. 
Such a State will be best prepared to legis- 
late well on other subjects. Her intelligent 
sons and daughters will not fail to hold the 
first rank wherever they go, and will shed 
a lustre upon the land of their birth, by their 
acloiowledged superiority. 

In such a community, all the legitimate re- 
sources of wealth will be developed and ap- 



INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 61 

plied with success. The arts, a pure taste, 
and whatever conduces to the comfort, con- 
venience, and embellishment of her public 
buildings or private residences, in their con- 
struction or furniture, will adorn her thriv- 
ing cities, and mingle their loveliness with 
her richly-cultivated hills and valleys. 

Such a State, compared with her sisters of 
the confederacy, would rise to a more lofty 
"supremacy than ever Athens attained among 
the cities of ancient Greece. 

If ever the hand of ruin shall be stretched 
out to complete the destruction of this now 
glorious and happy republic, it will first 
open wide across the path of its destiny the 
yawning and impassable gulf of popular ig- 
norance. 

An ignorant people will elect ignorant 
and base representatives, and when intelli- 
gence and virtue shall cease to hold a place 
in the halls of legislation, then will faction 
" rule the hour " — our country's happiness 
and glory will be no longer regarded. De- 
magoguery will sit in the place of patriot- 
ism, bribery and corruption walk with un- 
blushing front through every channel of offi- 
6 



62 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

cial action ; anarchy unfurl her banner of 
strife and blood over these now peaceful 
hills and valleys, and the crumbling pillars of 
public intelligence and 'virtue will sink to- 
gether with the falling temple of freedom, 
and be buried in one common ruin. 

MORAL EDUCATION.. 

Whatever degree of perfection may have 
been attained in the Physical and Intellect- 
ual parts of education, one important, and 
even essential, requisite is wanting, without 
goodness of heart. 

From the heart proceed the actions, and 
if this fountain is purified and made sweet, 
then salubrious and sweet will be the 
streams which issue from it. A. right prin- 
ciple of moral action must be established as 
the foundation of all good character. The 
truths of revealed religion can alone accom- 
plish this important object. When this is 
obtained, love to God and man occupies the 
place of the native selfishness of the human 
heart. 

Instead of rendering evil for evil, which is 
the base spirit of revenge, the one of kind- 



MORAL EDUCATION. 63 

ness controls the actions. A heart thus cor- 
rected reflects upon all around the sunny 
influence of the heavenly beams by which 
it is warmed. Its possessor is rich in good 
works. He delights to confer happiness on 
others. He loves the truth and hates false- 
hood. Evil purposes find no place in his 
thoughts. 

Benevolence beams in his eye, and afl^ec- 
tion softens every expression of his counte- 
nance. 

Suavity of manners, disinterested and no- 
ble action, mark the conduct of such an indi- 
vidual. When these exist, along with a good 
physical and intellectual culture, we have 
the true gentleman or lady ; genuine polite- 
ness is inseparable from such an education. 

It has already been remarked that the 
truths of revealed religion are essential to 
effect such an object. These truths should 
early be inculcated upon the young mind, 
both by precept and example. The man- 
ner of conveying these truths to the minds 
of children is contained in the truths them- 
selves. 

Kindness and gentleness of manner is the 



64 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

fruit of a Christian spirit. While a wrong 
action of the child is rebuked with earnest- 
ness, the parent should not chide in anger, 
but in love. 

Let some of the earliest lessons taught 
the loved one be to render good for evil ; to 
speak the truth, to obey its parents, to con- 
trol the temper, to observe order, and a 
scrupulous regard to the rights of others. 
These will soon become habitual, and essen- 
tially aid to bring the individual at length 
under the full power of divine truth. 

In early childhood, the great fundamental 
principles of moral action should be firmly 
implanted. Lessons on all these great prin- 
ciples should be taught before the child ever 
leaves the paternal roof, to gain knowledge 
in school. It is from lessons received on the 
*^ mother's knee " that much of the charac- 
ter of the men and women of our country is 
formed. 

But these moral lessons should not be 
taught alone at home. They should be 
repeated in the school-room, by the way- 
side, in the field, and wherever human beings 
congregate in large or small numbers. In 



MORAL EDUCATION. 65 

all places, at all times, let falsehood, obscen- 
ity, backbiting, or profanity be excluded. 

Let children be taught habitually to ven- 
erate the Being who made, and who contin- 
ually sustains them. When the inquisitive 
mind of childhood asks who made the bright 
sun, or the moon, or the beautiful stars, let 
lessons of the goodness of God be united 
with the proofs of his wisdom and power. 

When their young hearts are buoyant with 
the joyous changes of seasons; whether as 
they pluck the gay flowers of summer, or 
are delighted with the pure frost-work of 
winter, let them be taught to see the good" 
ness of God in them all. 

Obedience to parents and teachers, and 
respect to superiors, should ever be main- 
tained. 

That youth who arrives at manhood un- 
used to submission, will have a miserable ex- 
istence himself, and will prove a nuisance to 
the community in which he lives. 

He will not only disregard the salutary 
restraints of society, but, urged on by uncon- 
trolled and headlong passions, will be in- 
clined to trample upon the civil laws, which 
6* 



66 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

are created for the protection of his own 
rights, as well as the rights of others. 

The benefits of education are strongly 
and most happily illustrated in the life of 
that illustrious statesman for whose death 
our nation has recently been called to 
mourn. The history of his life would fill 
volumes, and is intimately connected with 
that of our country, for a period of more 
than half a century. 

Early taught in the school of pure moral- 
ity, and his mind inspired with a high aim, 
he exhibited through the whole of his long 
and brilliant public career the excellency of 
his early training. 

As an instance of that training, when he 
was eleven years of age, attending school 
abroad, his excellent mother conveyed in a 
letter to him these noble sentiments. Says 
Mrs. Adams to her son, "Great learning 
and superior abihties, should you ever pos- 
sess them, will be of little value, and of small 
estimation,unless virtue, honor, integrity, and 
truth are cherished by you. 

''Adhere to the rules and principles early 
instilled in your mind, and remember that 



READING AND BOOKS. 67 

you are responsible to your God. Dear as 
you are to me, I would much prefer that 
you would find a grave in the ocean which 
you have crossed, than to see you an immor- 
al and graceless child." 

That instruction to that boy was not lost. 
He was a bulwark on the side of virtue 
through a long life, and being dead, his 
name is registered in the temple of fame, by 
the side of that of Washington. 

READING AND BOOKS. 

The object for which books are designed 
is threefold^: the acquisition of knowledge, 
amusement, and the improvement of taste. In 
selecting books for the young, these several 
ends should be embraced. Reading merely 
for amusement ought not to be allowed to 
any great extent. Like every other frivolous 
employment, it tends to enfeeble the mindr 
and to the acquisition of a morbid appetite, 
which gives a disrelish for more substantial 
mental aliment. That reading which is ex- 
pressly designed to convey knowledge should 
be dressed in an agreeable garb, or the young 
mind, particularly, will be soon fatigued and 



68 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

disgusted. The moral tendency of a culti- 
vated taste should not be undervalued in de- 
termining the choice of books for children. 
Coarse and vulgar expressions, ribaldry, or 
vile inuendoes, should be excluded, by the 
just maxim, that " evil communications cor- 
rupt good manners." Truth and nature 
ought to be inscribed upon every page we 
put into their hands. To give the young a 
false view of what is before them in the path 
of life, is a greater evil than to afford them 
no view at all, and allow them to learn as 
they proceed, in the dear school of experi- 
ence. 

The reading of the present day is pro- 
verbially encumbered with fiction. It will 
not be denied that this circumstance has 
increased largely a fondness for reading.; 
but has it increased the desire for sound 
and useful reading? In proportion to its 
indulgence, does it not create an aversion 
to history and sober reading? In cases where 
purely works of the imagination are largely 
perused, a passion for reading of this kind is 
often produced, A mind thus influenced 
passes into a state nearly allied to, if not 



READING AND BOOKS. 69 

identified with, a monomania. It ceases to 
view objects in their true light. Everything 
wears a shadowy and unreal form. The 
dreams partake of these false images, and in 
the waking hours, the hero or heroine of 
fancy's creation can almost be recognized 
in»propria persona, and he or she who should 
be first in esteem, is perhaps rivaled in af- 
fection by some imaginary personage of the 
last-out tale. This description of reading 
consumes immense portions of time, thus ab- 
stracting from life much of its usefulness. It 
is also too often a vehicle for conveying false 
and immoral sentiments, thus corrupting the 
heart, and poisoning the fountain of our best 
and kindliest emotions. 

How large a portion of books designed 
for children should consist of truth illus- 
trated with fiction, is well worthy the ear- 
nest consideration of parents, and all who 
have at heart the highest interests of the 
young. Numerous books of this class have 
found their way into almost every family, 
and have been introduced to a large extent 
into the various Sabbath-school libraries. 
Generally, children seek for those books 



70 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

which are most replete with exciting inci- 
dents. It is obvious that when the incidents 
related are imaginary, the tendency of such 
books, largely indulged in, is to create a love 
of novel-reading, and to blunt the taste for 
unembellished truth and plain history. Too 
much caution cannot be exercised by th^se 
whose duty it is to watch over the juvenile 
mind, that they may mould its plastic mate- 
rials into the symmetrical forms of nature 
and truth. 

Individuals may form a habit of too much 
reading. If the capacity of the mind is 
flooded with incidents, and the various 
thoughts and circumstances contained in 
books, its powers are necessarily weak- 
ened. Without time for arrangement, the 
memory becomes a mere lumber-room, 
where everything is in confusion. The 
aliment of the mind requires digestion and 
assimilation, that it may strengthen as well 
as that of the body. There should be re- 
flection with reading. Passages distinguish- 
ed either for beauty of sentiment or style, 
also such as contain important facts, should 
be carefully noted and arranged in the mind, 



READING AND BOOKS. 71^ 

SO as to become a fund for after use. A few 
lines of sensible reading treasured up in the 
mind becomes a more valuable possession 
than scores of pages carelessly run over, and 
on which little or no reflection is bestowed. 

The facilities for the acquisition of books 
at the present day allow to almost every 
one the opportunity of making ample selec- 
tions of such as contain valuable reading. It 
also demands a vigilant e3^e that any of the 
vicious class do not fall into the hands of those 
entrusted to our care. The young mind 
should be carefully guarded against coming 
in contact with the relations of extraor- 
dinary crime ; tales of piracy, murder, or 
any of the gross instances of human deprav- 
ity. The life of Col. Munro Edwards, and 
others of similar character, by their publi- 
cation, are calculated to effect more injury 
on the community, than all their deeds of 
villany while living. 

What a delightful appendage to every 
house is a well-selected library ! What a 
luxury on which to repose the mind after 
the toils and labors of the day are com- 
pleted ! what a solace for the lonely hour ! 



72 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

what an agreeable pastime for the family 
circle, during the long winter's evening! 
what attractions does it place around the 
family fireside ! and more than these, what a 
bulwark does it furnish against the encroach- 
ments of vice, and protection on the side of 
pure morality and religion ! 

SCHOOL-HOUSES. 

The subject of improvement in School- 
Houses is so intimately connected with that 
of education, it is deemed not out of place 
•here. While a few minds are awakened to 
entertain just views of its importance, they 
are only as oases of an immense desert, com- 
pared with the masses who remain indiffer- 
ent to its claims. 

Who, that has arrived at middle or later 
"life, does not entertain a freshness and inter- 
est for the place where the early school- 
days were passed ? Who does not feel that 
a moral power, an abiding and effective in- 
fluence, was exerted upon the tender mind of 
childhood by the associations of the school- 
room, when the halcyon days of life were 
ours ; when the buddings of hope were 



SCHOOL-HOUSES. 73 

sweetest, and the young and tender sensibili- 
ties imbibed deeply and indestructibly the 
impress of every surrounding object ? The 
taste and order displayed in the arrange- 
ments of such a place leave their traces in 
after life ; and it is extremely doubtful 
whether they are, v^^hile memory remains, 
ever obliterated. To form a correct taste 
and a love of order, then, should there not 
be a place distinguished for these desirable 
attributes, where children spend so many 
years of the most susceptible period of life ? 
It ought also to be considered, ybr the time, 
that surrounding objects exert no inconsider- 
able influence upon the manners and moral 
feelings of children. It is a trait of the hu- 
man character to be overawed, and the 
natural rudeness of the manners to be held 
in check by the surrounding circumstances. 
A rude boy may be tempted to tear off a 
loose board from a shabb}' school-house, who 
would regard with care one of neatness and 
order. Children are more inclined to play 
roughly and rudely in a barn than in the 
parlor. They will be likely also to estimate 
the value of learning by the means furnished 
7 



74 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

to obtain it, and when they see the school- 
house the poorest cared for of any in the 
whole neighborhood, they can but conclude 
that the acquisition of learning is of small 
consequence. 

In considering the subject of school-houses 
as they generally are at present, and in sug- 
gesting my own views of what they should 
be, cannot, perhaps, be better expressed than 
in the language of a highly distinguished 
American writer,* whose labors have con- 
tributed largely to the moral and physical 
comfort and benefit of his fellow-country- 
men. " With so much to be proud of in our 
system of common schools, there is nothing 
so beggarly and disgraceful as the externals 
of our country school-houses themselves.-' 

*' A traveler through the Union is at once 
struck with the general appearance of com- 
fort in the houses of our rural population. 
But by the way-sides, here and there, he ob- 
serves a small one-story edifice, built of 
wood or stone in the most meagre mode — 
dingy in aspect, and dilapidated in condition. 
It is placed in the barest and most forbiding 

* A. J. Downing. 



SCHOOL-HOUSES. 75 

side, in the whole country round. If you fail 
to recognize it by these marks, you can 
easily make it out by the broken fences and 
tumble-down stone walls that surround it ; 
by the absence of all trees, and by a gen- 
eral expression of melancholy, as if every 
lover of good order and beauty in the neigh- 
borhood had abandoned it to the genius of 
desolation." 

" This condition of things is almost univer- 
sal. It must, therefore, be founded in some 
deep-rooted prejudices, or some mistaken 
idea of the importance of the subject." 

These prejudices and mistaken views of 
the public in general, in regard to this im- 
portant subject, are beginning to give way, 
and occasional instances may be found of 
beautiful examples of what the school-house 
ought to be. Says this writer, " We saw last 
summer in Dutchess county, N. Y., a free- 
school, erected to fulfill more perfectly the 
mission of an ordinary district school-house 
which had been built by a gentleman, whose 
taste and benevolence seem, like sunshine, 
to warm and irradiate his whole neighbor- 
hood. It was a building simple enough. 



76 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 

after all. A projecting roof, with slight, or- 
namented brackets, a pretty porch, neat 
chimney-tops ; its color a soft neutr-al ; these 
were its leading features. A single glance 
at it told that the evil spirit had been cast out, 
and the good spirit had taken its place. The 
utmost neatness and cleanliness appeared in 
every part. Beautiful vines and creepers 
climbed upon the walls, and hung in festoons 
over the windows. Groups of trees and 
flowering shrubs were thriving within its 
inclosure. A bit of neat lawn surrounded 
the building, and was evidently an object of 
care and respect with the pupils themselves. 
Altogether, it was a picture of a common 
district school which, compared with that 
we before described, and which one every 
day sees, was a foretaste of the millennium. 
*' We have an ideal picture that refreshes 
our imagination of common school-houses, 
scattered all over our wide country ; not 
wild bedlams, which seem to the traveler 
plague-spots on the fair country landscape ; 
but little nests of verdure and beauty, em- 
bryo Arcadias, that beget tastes for lovely 
gardens, neat houses, and well-cultivated 



SCHOOL-HOUSES. 77 

lands ; spots of recreation, that are play- 
grounds for the memory for many years, 
after all else of childhood is crowded out 
and effaced forever. 

"For ourselves, we have perfect faith in 
the future — v^e believe that our countrymen, 
as soon as they comprehend fully the value 
and importance of external objects on the 
mind, on the heart, on the manners, on the 
Ufe of all human beings, will not be slow to 
concentrate all beautiful, good, and enno- 
bling influences around that primary nursery 
of the intellect and sensations — the district 
school-house." 



OP 

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2 Volumes, Octavo. 

CONTAINING PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR ON STEEL, 

WITH SEVERAL OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS, 

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The Publisher invites the attention of the public to this new Edition 
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It contains, in the compass of nearly 1700 large octavo pages, all the 
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The last edition contains her Memoir by her husband, designed to be 
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1 



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THE MERCY SEAT; 

Thoughts suggested by the Lord's Prater, By GARoiNia 
Spring, D.D. 

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lees well reflnedV and contains food for both heart and intellect. ' The 
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denominations." — Commercial Advertiser. 

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equally well adapted to profit the plainest Christian, and the most cul- 
tivated man of letters." — .,¥. Y. Observer. 

''The present work is among the author's happiest productions. We 
think it surpasses ihem all in richness of instruction, tenderness of 
spirit, earnestness and fidelity of appeal, and power to awaken and 
sway the best feelings of the sanctified heart. His general observations 
on prayer, and his remarks on the matter and manner of prayer, are 
most excellent, and worthy of careful and thorough study."— fi«6. Rep. 

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tractive." — JV. Y. Courier and Inquirer. 

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which ought to obtain in all spheres, and to exert an influence upon 
all minds."— jV; Y. Evangelist. 

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and the practical are happily blended in its discussions— not a page 
is dull or dry. The author's judicious remarks on 'Forms of Prayer' 
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IS CHRISTIANITY FROM GOD? 

Or a Manual op Bible Evidence for the People. By 
Rev. JoH^f Cdmmings, D.D., Minister of the Scot- 
tish National Church in London. With an Intro- 
duction BY Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen. 

" Let. no one neglect this volume because its subject is one that has 
been ably and unanswerably handled before. If we mistake not, it has 
some traits of superiority over any that has preceded it. As a manual 
of arguments against infidel assaults and sceptical insinuations we du 
not think of another that we should call its equal." 

" Here is a book that we can heartily commend. Its title, " Is Chris- 
tianity from God? or a Manual of Bible Evidence for the People,'- indi- 
cates the character of the work. The author attempts no new theory- 
no new and startling truths — for these are not found in the Bible; but 
with singular ability he has explored the old truths of revelation,- and 
shown conclusively that the Bible is from God. * •* * 

" Its positions are taken with so much confidence, and held with so 
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of the reader."— CArisimyj Secretary. 

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of the body of the book."— TAe Republican. 

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truth, and to confirm the pious in the truth of the Christian Religion." 
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complete — of the evidences of Christianity. Its style is more polished, 
and its learning more profound than Nelson's ; but it is well adapted to 
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APOSTOLIC BAPTISM. 

Facts and Evidences on the Subjects and Modes of Chbis- 
TiAN Baptism. Br C. Taylor, Editor of Calmet's Dic- 
tionary OF THE Bible. "With 13 engravings. 12mo. 

" We are glad to see a revised and stereotyped edition of this learned 
and valuable work on the baptismal controversy. It is not necessary, 
at this late day, to speak of its peculiar merits. *We are not aware that 
these ' Facts and Evidences' here presented, have ever been invali- 
dated, either in this country or in Great Britain, and if not, they are 
certainly entitled to no little weight in favor of the arguments of Paedo- 
baptists, both as to the subjects of Christian baptism and the apostolic 
mode." — Biblical Repository. 

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the day of Pentecost, was administered by the Apostles and Evangel- 
ists, to Infants, and not by submersion :' the Facts and Evidences sus- 
taining this position, he regards as irrefutable, as the truth is in Jesus. 

•'The book displays wonderful research, and brings out the proof 
from philology and ecclesiastical history, with a distinctness and force 
perhaps never excelled. It even proves that the warrant for baptizing 
infants is more certain, or less open to cavils, than if that word had 
been employed in the command, or in the narration of examples of 
baptism— because a term is used of more certain meaning, which un- 
questionably includes little children. The work was published in Eng- 
land more than thirty years ago, and no Baptist author has yet at- 
tempted to disprove the facts, or to deny the evidences here adduced, 
in favor of Paedobaptist principles and practice." — Christian Mirror. 

" This is a very curious book. It commences the argument in respect 
to baptism at the right starting point, and enforces it by reasoning of 
the most convincing character. It seeks to carry back the interpreter 
of the teachings of the Scriptures, to the time when the New Testament 
was written, and to enable him to read the passages under circum- 
stances, like those under which they were originally heard. The en- 
gravings, which are copies of the oldest representations of the adminis- 
tration of the rite of baptism, in pictures, sculptures, and mosaics, 
speak forcibly to the eye and the mind." — jVew Englander. 

"This is unquestionably the greatest work ever published on this 
question. It has been thirty years challenging examination, and no 
Baptist minister, so far as we know, has dared to touch it. No minis- 
ter should be without it> Remember, it is a body of Texts and Evi- 
ievces. The history of the book is interesting, but we have not room 
to give it. It ought to be in every Sunday school library. It has thir- 
\een engravings^ themselves, as evidences, worth the price. The book 
ijas had an immense circulation in Europe and America. We wish 
Bome plan could be devised to put it in every family of our church." — 
Southern Methodist Pulpit. 



Books Published and for Sale by M. W. Dodd. 



THE ATTRACTION OF THE CROSS. 

The Attraction of the Cross, designed to illustrate the 
leading Truths, Obligations and Hopes of Christianity 
By Gardiner Spring, D.D. 12mo. Fourth edition. 
• "We are not surprised to hear that Mr. Dodd, the publisher has al- 
ready issued the third edition of the Attraction of the Cross, by the Rev 
Dr. Spring. It is the ablest and most finished production of its author, 
and will undoubtedly take its place in that most enviable position in the 
family, as a volume of standard reading, to be the comfort of the aged 
and the guide of the young. We commend it as one of the most valua- 
ble issues of the press." — N. Y. Observer. 

" This is no ordinary, every-day volume of sermons, but the rich, 
ripe harvest of a cultivated mind — the result of long and systematic 
devotion to the proper work of the Christian ministry. We regard Dr. 
Spring as one of the most accomplished preachers of the country. We 
never heard him preach a weak discourse ; and whenever he appears 
from the press, it is with words of wisdom and power. A careful perusal 
.of this admirable book has afforded us great pleasure. We do not won- 
der to find it so soon in a third edition. It will have a lasting reputa- 
tion." — Baptist Memorial. 

" This volume, which we announced two weeks ago, and which we thea 
predicted would prove to bo the most excellent and valuable work yet 

written by Dr. Spring, has more than equalled our expectations 

We trust" that every family in our land v.'ill read this precious work, 
which illustrates so beautifully and atti'actively the leading truths, ob- 
ligations and hopes of Christianity, as reflected from the Cross of 
Christ." — Albany Spectator. 

" We mistake if this neatly -printed volume does not prove one of the 
most attractive religious works of the day. It presents the practical 
truths of religion, which all ought to know, free from the spirit of sect- 
arianism or controversy. The book is prepared for permanent use, and 
bids as fair, perhaps, as any book of the kind in our times, to live and 
speak long after the author shall have gone to test the realities he has 
BO eloquently described." — Journal of Commerce. 

" Dr. Spring's new work, which we had occasion recently to announce, 
is very highly commended elsewhere. A New- York letter in the Boston 
Traveller thus introduces it to notice : — ' A new work of Dr. Spring 
" The Attraction of the Cross," has been published by M. W. Dodd, of 
this city. ..." The Attraction of the Cross " is destined to live among 
the very best productions of the church with which its respected author 
is connected. The style is remarkably pure, the arrangements of the 
topics lucid and methodical, and the arguments addressed with great 
force to the reason and conscience. It will stand by the side of '' Dod- 
dridge^s Rise and Progress," " Wilberforce's View," or the " Way cf 
Life," in the libraries of future generations.' " — Newark Daily Adv. 

" None will wonder at the rare success which this volume has won, 
who kive read it. For comprehensiveness of views, beauty of style and 
excellence and fervor of devotional feeling, few works haY lately ap 
peared that surpass it." — New-York Evangelist. 

" The grand relations of the Cross, its holy influences, Its comforts and 
ItB triumphs, are here exhibited in a manner cheering to the heart of 
the Christian. And the perusal of this book will, we venture to say. 
greatly assist and comfort the children of God. . . J''— Presbyterian. 

9 



Boohs Published and for Sale by M. W. I) odd. 



GOSPEL STUDIES. 

By Alexander Vinet, D.D., Author of Vital Christian- 
ity, WITH AN Introduction by Dr. Baird, . 

"These discourses are remarkable for originality and beauty of 
thought and elegance of diction. They are unlike anything that we 
ever read— they are delightful."— Z)at7y Evening Traveller. 

" Vinet, beyond any writer of our day, was characterized by the per- 

Eetual progress froni novelty to novelty. The originality of Vinet is 
is principal charm. He treats the most common topics of theology 
with a freshness which fascinates us like a discovery. In the conduct 
of his metaphors, he so fuses the thought in the illustration, as to give 
the most familiar truths the brilliancy of inventions ; and by penetrating 
and profound analysis reveals new relations of truth which elude com- 
mon sagacity, and are indeed so many new truths. We believe the pe- 
rusal of this volume will be an excellent discipline for those whose 
religious views need enlivening ; all here is full of nobleness, aspiring 
speculation, and enthusiastic love." — Literary World. 

"They possess the peculiar characteristics of French sermonizing— 
lively, abrupt, strikingly beautiful in description, and artistically ar- 
ranged."— JV. Y. Evangelist. 

" Vinet has been styled " the Chalmers of Switzerland," but his man- 
ner is different, although his thoughts are not less brilliant. In his style, 
Vinet is original. He was a profound thinker, and in communicating 
his ideas he knows how to make others think. No one can read these 
admirable discourses without entering into the spirit and feelings of the 
author, nor without gaining new and valuable ideas from him."— CArj*- 
tian Secretary. 

"The writer had a most versatile as well as a most discriminating 
and powerful mind ; and probably deserved, more than almost any othar 
writer, to be called, in the best sense of the word, a philosophical Chris- 
tian. He is equally at home in the heights and in the depths : and his 
range of thought seems illimitable."- jj/ia/^y Argus. 

"Gospel Studies" contains much that is adapted to stir the soul, to 
nourish piety, and to enlarge one's range of thoughts in certain direo 
tions." — Watchman and Reflector. 

" Simplicity, beauty, original thought, and ardent piety, are the prom- 
inent attributes of the author's mind as developed in this work. There 
is a freshness in his views which will delight the intelligent reader."— 
Christian Observer. 

"Such is the title of one of the best books on the subject of religion 
that we have seen for many a day. In an introduction of a few pages, 
Dr. Baird gives a short notice of the life of Dr. Vinet, whom he pro- 
nounces the greatest philosopher that the Continent, if not Europe, has 
produced in our times. He has been called the Chalmers of Switzer- 
land, but not very correctly. He was rather the John Foster. But he 
had a mind far more clear and discriminating than that of the great 
British Essayist just named. It has a freshness about it, and is so re- 
moved from the usual style of an English or American mind that it 
awakens and excites attentioii at every step.''— Jour?ja^ of Commerce. 



Boohs Published and for Sale by M. W. Dodd, 



PURITAN HEROES; 

Or, Sketches of their Character and Times. By Jchn 
Stoughton. With an Introductory Letter by JoEif 
Hawes, D.D. 

" This is a well-piinted duoiler.imo volume, wherein is given a series 
of admirable sketches of those noble minded men whose renunciations 
of existing glaring evils subjected them to so great a degree of sudering 
and calumniation. The present volume is not a continuous nor s prosy 
history. It is more ; for while the best and standard authorities, old 
MSS., and curious tracts, have been consulted in its compilation, it 
abounds with vivid and life-like pictures of the principal characters 
and events in the time of the Puritans and Nonconformists. JVo portion 
of English History can be more interesting than this, and none better 
deserves deep and earnest study." — JV. Y. Tribune. 

"The perusal of this volume has awakened in our heart more than 
our former love for the Puritans of the olden times, and given «is a 
burning desire that every American citizen may possess, individually, 
' as intense a regard for the memory of those men whose principles, re- 
fined like gold in the fires of intolerance and persecution, laid the 
foundation on which the glorious superstructure of our Templ« of 
Liberty has been erected. The pen of Stoughton has given to these 
records of Puritan days all the vividness, power, and glory of life, ind 
?.ir. Dodd has published them in a style of beauty and elegance worthy 
of much commendation." — Jllbany Spectator. 

"The author has evidently written so as to adapt his style to the 
young, and thereby secure their attention to the toils and sirugglea ot 
the early advocates of Truth, then im'perfectiy known, against ecclesi 
asiical domination and spiritual tyranny. This we have no doubt he 
will have accomplished. The book is one of the most readable that 
has been issued from the religious press for years. We mean that it 
possesses a captivation, both from the style and the subject, which is 
rarely fownd:'— Methodist Protestant. 

"This book commemorates, in a thrilling and powerful manner, some 
of the greatest spirits of perhaps the most interesting period of British 
history. It shows us the struggles and heaviness of the free spirit as it 
was coming forth to ripen upon the earth. It is history, the most inter- 
esting— but not continuous history. It is highly and most justly recom- 
)«iended by Dr. Hawes." — Albany Express. 

"This work relates to a period when great truths were struggling into 
>irth— when soul-liberty was assertec^ and maintained at the expense 
of fortune, reputation, friends, every Jiing : — a liberty which has long 
blessed our happy land; and which is extending a like boon to other 
nations."— 7%e Trojan, 

" This book is of decided interest. The times to which it relates ; 
the characters it describes; the stirring events which it sketches ; and 
the noble sentiments which it illustrates, lend to it a peculiar charm." 
—Biblical Repository, 

" The volume before us gives an admirable insight into the character 
and times of the Puritans. It is not a dry history, like Neal's : it is a 
spirit-stirring review of the men and the age, in which every character 
and every scene lives before us. Here we may worship with 'th» 
Islingvon Congregation' in the woods : here we may follow Barrov and 
Greenwood, and Perry, to the gallows : here we may vTitness th« em- 
barkation of the Pilgrim Fathers: here we may sit by the death-be- of 
Owen, and Baxter, and Howe ; and walk among the graves of met of 
whom the world is not worthy."— TAe Independent. 



Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
A WHEAT SHEAF 

GATHERED FROM OUR OWN FIELDS, 

By F. C. Wood WORTH and T. S. Arthur. 1 voL 12mo., illus- 
trated with nearly Fiftt Exgravings. No work of the 
season has been more flatteringly noticed. 

" The preface to this volume is worthy of being printed in letters of 
gold. It is elegantly written, and fall of meaning and instruction. We 
suspect it is from Mr. Woodworlh, than whom, perhaps, no writer 
knows better how to write for children and youth. The contents of the 
volume are a joint production, about equally divided. Mr. Arthur has 
shown himself skilful, in this most difficult kind of writing. Altogether, 
it is a sweet volume, and got up with all the elegance of an annual." — 
JV. Y. Commercial Adoertiser. 

" We have scarcely ever seen a more tasteful and attractive book : its 
fine embellishments, and elegant printing and binding, render it beauti- 
fully ornamental. " Its contents possess that variety of subjects, and that 
familiar, easy, and graceful style, so well adapted to engage the hearts 
of the young, and for which we think both these authors — i>articularly 
Mr. Woodworth — have uncommon tact and ability. The pieces are brief, 
fuU of meaning, and never without some definite aim of instruction or 
moral impression. That it will be attractive and useful, parents and the 
friends of the young may be assured." — JV. Y. Evangelist. 

" The two authors, contributing about equal portions, have produced 
a volume, which, we are sure, will find a cordial welcome among the 
gift books of the season. The volume is very neatly printed and embel- 
lished." — J\r. Y. Journal of Commerce, 

"This is the title of an elegant gift book for children, which, both in 
mechanical beauty, and the excellence of its contents, is quite above the 
average of such publications." — Boston Chronotijpe. 

" A beautiful book for the young, with many fine engi-avings — stories 
short, interesting, and of good moral tendency." — Youths'' Companion. 

"A very attractive and ornamental volume for the young; prepared 
by gentlemen who have much experience and taste in providing for the 
wants of this important class of readers. The articles of prose and 
verse are well composed, refined in their style, and instructive in their 
moral, while the embellishments are neat, chaste, and adapted to the 
volume and its readers." — JV*. Y. Observer. 

" This is a beautiful gift book, consisting of some of the choicest of the 
productions of the two gifted writers whose names appear on the title 
page. It is handsomely illustrated, and got up in splendid style."— ./2^ 
bany Evening Atlas. 

ANECDOTES OF THE PURITANS.-l vol. 18mo. 

" They give a picture of Puritan life, full of interest, besides conveying 
most important trutiis and lessons. As it is a kind of reading delightfiil 
to the young, and as the anecdotes give a just and exalted view of the 
Puritan character, we would commend the book to parents, as one of 
unusual value. It may be read by every one with great profit and 
interest."— JV. Y. Evangelist. 

"A little bock, that contains many great truths, many lessons of Chris- 
tian fortitude and resignation, and unbending integity."— Commercjo/ 
Advertiser. 



Books Published and for Sale hu M. W. JDodd. 

AN EARNEST MINISTRY, 

The Want of the Times. By John Angell James, With 
AN Introduction by Rev. J. B. Condit, D.D., of New. 
ARK, N.J. 

" There is a power in the very title of this book. It strikes home t« 
the convictions of every mind that is wakeful to the condition and want* 
of the church. ' An Earnest Ministry.' The ear tingles with the sound, 
it stirs up thought ; it lingers in the memory ; it turns into prayer. 

" ' Has the evangelical pulpit lost, and is it likely to lose any of iti 
power V is the question with which the veteran preacher and authoi 
commences his discussion. In the progress of his own earnest mind 
through the several stages of this subject, he begins with the ministry 
of the Apostles, finding his theme in it ; examines the nature of ear- 
nestness, and shows its appropriateness in him who handles the word 
of life, in respect to its matter, manner, and practice ; illustrates his 
points by numerous quotations and biographical notices; and from the 
.whole, gathers motives of great power to bear on the conscience of the 
professional reader. 

" We wish that we could lay a copy on the table of every pastor, and 
put it into the portmanteau of every missionary in<|J*ie land : we should 
feel quite sure that the Sabbath following, at least, would bear witness 
to its effect; and we should hope for still more enduring results. And 
we could scarcely imagine a more useful appropriation of money, than 
would be made by supplying the young men of our own Theological 
Seminaries, with each a copy of tliis exhibition of an 'earnest minis- 
try.' " — JV. Y. Observer. 

" We read this work with the greatest interest. A more impressive, 
truth-telling, pungent appeal to the ministry, we have never met with. 
This noble, stirring effort to infuse new life and energy into the minis- 
try cannot be too highly praised. Without attempting an analysis of 
its contents, we beg to assure our brethren, that of ail useful and able 
productions of this author, this is by far the most useful and able. 
There are hints, and appeals, and principles in it, of incalculable im- 
portance, and of most awakening interest." — JV*. Y. Evangelist. 

"Every work of his we have read meets an exigency — in other 
words, is opportune to the state of the Church, and shows profound 
thought, thorough investigation, and withal, is given in a chaste and 
vigorous style. This last volume in no sense falls behind — there is a 
clearness, a comprehension, and a power in it, which makes it com- 
pare with anything he has written ; and throughout it is an illustration 
of the very earnestness he commends. Dr. Condit of Newark, has 
written a very judicious introduction to the volume. We feel that 
Mr. James may well be taken by young men in Theological training, 
and ministers generally, as their oracle on the importance of earnest- 
ness in the ministry." — Christian Intelligencer. 

" His specimens and illustrations, drawn from the most eminent divines 
of ancient and modern days, and of various countries, are extremely apt 
and interesting. By the method he has pursued, Mr. J. has given us a 
kind of biographical library of the ministry, in such a manner as to im- 
press their excellencies upon the memory, and to inspire a wish to imi- 
tate them. The work is richly worthy of the perusal of the class fo^ 
whom it is specially designed." — Christian Review. 

"Not to make a book, but to do good, seems to have been the whole 
object in view. All our ministers, especially the younger, should giv« 
this book a reading, and we believe its circulation generally among om 
people would be productive of great benefit to the whole Church."- 
MetAedist Pulpit. 10 



Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 

MACKNIGHT'S EPISTLES. 

A NEW LITERAL TRANSLATION 
FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK. 

OF ALL THE 

APOSTOLICAL EPISTLES. 

WITH A 

COMMENTARY AND NOTES, 

Philological, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED 

A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. 

BY JAMES MACKNIGHT, D.D., 

AUTHOR OF A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS, ETC. 

A New Edition, to which is prefixed an Account of the Lift 
of the Author. 



KNAPP'S THEOLOGY. 
LECTURES 

ON 

CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. 

BY 
GEORGE CHRISTIAN KNAPP, D.D., 

PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HALLB. 

TOANSLATED BY LEOxNTARD WOODS, JUN., D,D,, PRESIDENT Qt 
BOWDOIN COLLEGE, BRUNSWICK, MAINE. 

Third American edition, reprinted from the lasJ; London 
edition. 

11 



Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 



CRUDEN'S COMPLETE CONCORDANCE. 



A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE 

TO THE 

HOLY SCRIPTURES 

OF THE 

OLD AND NEW* TESTAMENT; 

OR, A 

-DICTIONARY AND ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE BIBLE: 

Very useful to all Christians who seriously read and study the 
inspired writings, 

IN TWO PARTS: 

CONTAINING, 

I. The Appellative or Common Words in so full and large a manner, 
that any verse may be readily found by looliing for any material word 
in it. In this part the various significations of the principal words are 
given ; by which the true meaning of many passages of Scripture is 
shown; an account of several Jewish Customs and Ceremonies is also 
added, which may serve to illustrate many parts of Scripture. 

n. The Proper Names in the Scriptures. To this part is prefixed a 
Table, containing the signification of the words in the original lan- 
guages from which they are derived. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED 

A CONCORDANCE TO THE BOOKS CALLED 
APOCRYPHA. 

The whole digested in an easy and regular method : which, together 
with the various significations and other improvements now added, ren- 
ders it more useful than any book of the kind hitherto published. 

BY, ALEXANDER CRUDEN, MA. 

JVom the Tenth London Edition, carefully revised and corretted by «*• 
Holy Scriptures. 

' TO WHICH IS ADDED 

AN ORIGINAL LIFE OF THE AUTHOR. 

** Ever since the first publication of Crhden's Concordance, in 1738, it 
has maintained the acknowledged reputation of being the very best 
work of the kind in the English language. Indeed, no other has eveo 
14 



Bnnk9 Publishea and for Sale by M. \\. Dodd. 

SERMONS, NOT BEFORE PUBLISHED, ON VARIOUS 
PRACTICAL SUBJECTS. 

By the late Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D. 

" Dr. Griffin may be regarded as having been a prince among the 
princes of the American pulpit. He left a large number of sermons 
carefully revised and ready for publication, part of which were pub- 
lished shortly after his death, but the greater portion of which consti- 
tute the present volume. They are Joubtless among the ablest dis- 
courses of the present day, and are alike fitted to disturb the delusions 
»f guilt, to quicken and strengthen, and comfort the Christian, and to 
serve as a model to the theological student, who would construct his 
discourses, in a way to render them at once the most impressive, and 
the most edifying." 

A MEMOIR OF THE REV. LEGH RICHMOND, A.M. 

Rector of Turvey, Bedfordshire. "By Rev, T. S. Grimshaw, 
A. M.. Rector of Burton-Latimer, &c. Seventh American 
from the last London Edition, with a handsome Portrait or. 
Steel. 

" We have here a beautiful reprint of one of the best books of it 
class, to be found in our language. Such beauty and symmetry of cha 
racter, such manly intelligence and child-like simplicity, such officia.- 
dignity and condescending meekness, such warmth of zeal united wit! 
a perception of fitness which always discerns the right thing to ba 
done, and an almost faultless prudence in doing it, — are seldom found 
combined in the same person. It is a book for a minister, and a booh 
for parishioners ; a book for the lovers of nature, and a book for thp 
Mends of God and of his species. Never perhaps were the spirits anr* 
duties of a Christian Pastor more happily exemplified. Never dir 
warmer or purer domestic affections throb in a human bosom, or exer 
cise themselves more unceasingly and successfully for the comfort, thf 
present well-bein^ and final sa' vation of sons and daughters. From nc 
heart probably, did ever good will flow out to men, in a fuller, warmei 
current. In a word, be was the author of the ' Dairyman's Daughter, 
and the ' Young Cottager.' 

" The engraved likeness of l\Ir. Richmond alone is worth the cost of 
the work ; as illustrative of the uncommon benignity that adorned and 
endeared the man to his friends and the world." 

UNCLE barnaby; 

Or Recollections of his Character and Opinions, pp. 316. 

" The religion of this book is good— the morality excellent, and the 
mode of exhibiting their important lessons can hardly be surpassed in 
anything calculated to make them attractive to the young, or successful 
in correcting anything bad in their habits or morals. There are some 
twenty chapters on as many common sayings and maxims, occurrence."? 
and incidents — in this respect bearing a resemblance to ' the Prompter, 
a somewhat oracular book forty or fifty years ago. It is an excellent 
book to keep in a family, an t may to alike beneficial to parents and 
ehUdren." 

18 



